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SNI, Surgical Neurology International, which is an Internet Journal, and Nancy Epstein as its editor-in-chief, and SNI Digital, which is a new, all-video journal of neurosurgery and neuroscience
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that's interactive with discussion, are pleased to present
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the first meeting of the Latin American International Neurosurgery Grand Rounds, sponsored by the Latin American Neurosurgeons, will be held on the last Sunday of every month.
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That's in addition to the Sub-Saharan Africa International Neurosurgery Grand Rounds, which is under the auspices of the Sub-Saharan African Neurosurgeons, and held on the first Sunday of every
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month, now entering its third year. Are pleased to bring to you.
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this first Latin American international neurosurgery grand rounds, which is considering the subject of global solutions to clinical challenges in neurosurgery everywhere in the world.
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This meeting at the first Latin American international neurosurgery group is organized by Jo-Hom, Chokee, Bella Schlesz, and is aided by Astrada Bernard and James Ellsman. Given, in the front of
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an international audience on Sunday, January 25th,
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2026.
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The subject of this first Latin American international grand round session is management of middle cerebral artery aneurysms, a very controversial topic.
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This meeting was organized by Dr. Jo-Hom, Chokee, Bella Schlesz,
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He's an MD and a PhD, a Peruvian neurosurgeon, researcher, specializing in cerebrovascular and skull-based neurosurgery, interventional neuroadiology, stereotactic radiosurgery. And as a PhD
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researcher affiliated to the Department of Neurosurgery in Helsinki, the Helsinki University Hospital at the University of Helsinki. He is now also in charge of the neurosurgery unit of the regional
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hospital in Cusco,
2:30
in Peru,
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and continues this research in oncology, neurology,
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Dr. Wallace Glaz is from Peru, and this is a map of Peru, which you see is on the west coast here of South America, and the circle shows you the highlighted area called Cusco. And this is a
2:57
little background
3:00
on Peru. The name Peru is derived from the catch-all word, implying land of abundance, a reference to the economic wealth produced by the rich and highly organized Inca civilization that goes back
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hundreds of years, and that ruled this region for many centuries. The country has vast mineral, agricultural, and marine resources, and they have served as an economic foundation for its growth
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into the 20th century in addition to tourism, which has become a major element of Peru's economic development destinations for international travelers include Machu Precho. which is located on this
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map just 50 miles or so away from Cusco in the mountains in northwest Cusco and it also has museums housing the artifacts of this civilization from ancient times.
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The first guest speaker for the International Grand Rounds of Latin America is Clayver Eduardo Gonzalez Echeveria.
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Dr. Echeveria is a neurosurgeon. He had a fellowship with UHAS Harnestimi in Helsinki, Finland, and he is now working at the Clinical Union in Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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On the map in the circle, you see Guayaquil Ecuador, this is again on the western coast of South America, and this is a smaller state of Ecuador, which is located south of Colombia and east of
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Peru.
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Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, and with one of the most environmentally diverse countries in the world, it is contributed notably to environmental sciences. The first
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scientific expedition to measure the circumference of the earth was led by Charles Reed, Marie de la Condimene in France, and was based in Ecuador. Additional research in Ecuador by naturalist
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Alexander von Humboldt in Prussia and Charles Darwin in England helped establish basic theories of modern geography, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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cultural heritage, much of what is known as Ecuador now can be included in the Inca Empire, which we talked about in Peru, the largest polynical unit of the pre-Columbian America.
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The second speaker is Giancarlo Sal Zapata, who is a neurosurgeon and an interventional and a radiologist and he works at the hospital Guillermo Amenara in Uruguay and La Victoria in Lima, Peru.
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And Lima is located on this map, as you see in the center of the circle, right on the seacoast of Peru, which is in the western side of South America. Yes, yes. So yes, I wanted to thank also
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the multiple professors that are in our chat. Professor Alvarie Simonette is there, Professor Elaricari, There are Professor Camilo Contreras from Peru.
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important to represent the neuroscience, coming and doing a lot of stuff there. I think all of you, all of you coming here to this first presentation, to this first conference. Okay, so maybe I
6:39
start, yeah, yeah. I remark what you said, Strada. Okay, so we start
7:14
first
7:17
I introduce
7:22
professor I'll just see first.
7:29
He's a neurosurgeon, vascular neurosurgeon coming from Ecuador. He studied in the University of
7:37
Guajakil. And later he went to Mexico to study neurosurgery. Okay, in the University of that National Auto Nomadem Mexico. Okay, and he made a fellowship in a long university that fell out of Sao
7:52
Paulo in 2018.
7:55
Later also, he made an update of his studies in
8:02
La Academia, Brasileira de Niroziro here, in May 2024 to May
8:09
2025. Okay, so he will speak about the microsurgical management of the MCA aneurysms, and he will present his own cases and we will discuss,
8:57
about the historical management of this disease. Okay, for our cleaver, you can start with your presentation. and I will see you in the next video.
9:41
and I will see you in the next video.
10:21
It's a pattern that can be found in the Laterias Riveralnea, and it's a pattern that is used in the other areas, in the other areas, in the multi-platforms. It's a very important section, which
10:39
is a pattern that is used in the Lateria Riveralnea, and it's a very important section. It's a very important section, and it's a very important section. It's a very important section, and it's a
10:56
very important section It's a very important section of Lateria Riveralnea, and it's a very important section of Lateria Riveralnea, and it's a very important section of Lateria Riveralnea. Can I
11:07
interrupt for a minute? He's speaking in Spanish, some of us don't know that, and I wonder if, Joham, you could just stop and translate a little bit for us, so we know what he's saying as he
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goes along. Is that possible? Okay. Yes, yes, he can so go past some slides, and then I can translate. Now he's basically speaking about the anatomy of the middle several art theory, and his
11:36
figures and his illustrations are based on the professor Rokon's description. So he will detail a little bit about how the configuration of this art theory is going And then he will go to explain his
11:52
personal theories in the MCA analysis. Thank you very much.
12:00
Okay.
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I think that's important, because I think that the
13:04
first time I've been able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be
13:06
able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be
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able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be
13:07
able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to How can you summarize that
13:10
for us?
13:12
Yes, he's talking about the segments of the MCA territory going there. Yeah, and he's focusing also on the Heshel area where, well, all this stuff, all this bus collector territory can be seen,
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obviously, in the angiography, and also it's important to notice when you are trying to look for the treatment of the bus collector diseases in all this territory. Did he study with Dr. Rotan?
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I think he studied more in Brazil, don't they study the partes of the anatomy? The partes in the anatomy of the universe are very powerful. Yeah, it's so powerful, it's so powerful, okay. From
13:54
the
14:00
surface of the chart? Yeah, very, very, very short. Okay, thank you, continue. Okay, I think it's important to know that there's a lot of people in the world.
14:31
Yes yeah,,
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basically summer is in the same as before with a Sylvia, Sylvia on an interior point and the Sylvia on a exterior point, and the Hessel Jairus, and yeah, how you can contrast also the angiography
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and the anatomical specimen there.
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In the Sao Paulo, there is an important training center Yeah, an anatomical training center, a surgical training center, led before, but by Evandro de Oliveira. And now it's led by Férez Charrat.
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He was his pupil.
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Excellent, okay. I
15:58
think that's the most important part of this project.
16:08
I think that's the most important part of this project.
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So, all of these are places where each branch of the middle cellular artery is distributed along the lateral side of the hemisphere. Yeah, so you can see clearly there, and this is especially
17:11
important when you try to recognize about the stroke or some ischemic diseases that you
17:18
can find out as a neuroascular disease.
17:23
Hey you.
19:09
Yes. So there you can clearly see there is a superannoyant hemorrhage. Yeah, in the interior of the, in the insular territory in the insular system, showing the somehow like the origin of this
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hemorrhage might be an MCA
19:30
bifurcation artery or aneurysm And yeah, when
19:35
you see this type of CT scan, then you can already think that you are facing this type of aneurysm and that treatment, of course, in this case, the surgical treatment will guide you to clip this
19:52
aneurysm, following the natural areas or the natural
19:59
spaces, so there are no doubt his spaces where you can find out the aneurysm.
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And I ask that there is this anatomical specimen where also he's trying to illustrate the location, especially near to the insulin. And yeah, of course, how you can make the pre-surgical studies,
20:23
pre-surgical analysis for treating surgicalities, this analysis. Can I ask a question, though, you want to do in Latin America in Peru, do you use angiography, or do you use CT angiography to
20:32
illustrate the aneurysms? The pre-surgical studies in Latin America, in special, in Tuscasos, two tiresasmas, CTA, they say, Lanjotamoraphia in Thursday, or tiresasmas, Lanjotamoraphia in
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Italy.
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and I'll see you in the next video!
22:44
Clara. So yeah, he was explaining that in Ecuador And I think also maybe in Peru or in most Latin American countries, we first use the CTA, the angiotomography. because it's less costly than
23:02
the digital geography. And also it's less invasive and it's quite faster when you ask in the emergency areas, you
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can quickly get the CDA. However, digital subtraction and geography is a bit more difficult and you need more personnel and you need to also to prepare for the case. And yeah, we were discussing
23:29
that there are several studies showing that when an aneurysm is over the three millimeters, then there is not a big difference between the CDA and the subtraction and geography. And also on the
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other hand, when you get the CDA and you can make a bone reconstruction like a skull reconstruction, then you can also easily
23:57
develop like a focus approach to the aneurysm, since you know the relation between the vascular aneurysm and the skull bone, the skull anatomic repair in the skull. So there, I think this is a bit
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the advantage of the CTA in front of the digital angiography. When you were, when you were working with Professor Ernest Nimi probably had the largest experience in aneurysms surgery in the world,
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did he rely on CTN geography? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Basically, he also clever was there
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in Helsinki with Professor Ernest Nimi. So we were following his cases and, yeah, they developed that study, telling that over three millimeters, aneurysms, over three millimeters, or bigger
24:48
than three millimeters, there is not a statistical difference between the CTA and the digital angiography.
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As well as I am telling you also, we are focusing on the Espenoidal wing just to go and focusly open the Silvian future and clip the aneurysm without making a big approach, just a very focused
25:12
approach to the Silvian future Okay, thank you I am not sure if you are interested in the way that I am going to be able to do this. I am not sure if I am interested in the way that I am going to be
25:38
able to do this.
25:48
I am not sure if I am interested in the way that I am going to be able to do this. I am not sure if I am interested in the way that I am going to be able to do this. I am not sure if I am interested
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in the way that I am going to be able to do this.
26:20
Yeah In his experience, he just took two approaches, the theory on the classic theory on approach developed by Professor Yasarhil. And also another more smaller approach, which is the lateral
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super orbital approach, who has widely used it by Johar and his name. And depending on the case, when there is a big soloing and a big brain head Emma, he better use the abtereonal approach. But
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when there are cases of un-roptured aneurysms, or with small bleeding and manageable brain-soluance, then he can use the lateral superorbital approach. In two experiences, what are the main
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differences in the internal system? What are the main differences in the lateral superorbital approach? What are the main differences in the lateral superorbital approach? Okay, so we were talking
27:32
also about that there are other minimal-invasive approaches like this tereontal approach or this suprasilial approach, but in his practice, he's basically using the tereontal and lateral
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superorbital approach Oh I'm glad we're those are very nice pictures, very nice I'm glad we're all here. I'm glad we're all here I'm glad we're all here I'm glad we're all here many
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noces, maculino and ciros
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and ciros.
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You know, Mafrequente is a sex offender, you know.
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Yeah, you can see there that distribution of his cases, 64 patients in seven years Okay.
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And does it, it's my song and
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statistics that's what I'm doing. So, Tim, see you, exactly. Okay. Okay Is
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the ratio, the ratio, the ratio, and is it carried out? What, what are those two terms says, is right and left or which one, the ratio 48? Yeah, 48 right, right side and another is the left
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side. It seems that there are more right side MCA analysis. Why, is there any reason for that? Yeah, maybe it would be an interesting study for starting
31:16
And it looks like, you see, just about equally divided between super orbital there and terraonal, right? Yeah, yeah. He cannot manage with his presentation Ah
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No, no, no, no, no. We are compartmental and romantic Oh yeah, I'll have a study again.
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I don't know if he should show his presentation, he will
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open again
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Awesome. Just for for Gina. We're very interested in a future what they found there. So it might be interested to make an anatomical study of the equatorial population. Maybe there might be some
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kind of dominant right MCA branches or who knows to know better why they have this
32:22
distribution So most patients are presenting with ruptured analysis. So which means also that they developed an aneurysms and dangerous aneurysms in those fields. There might be some kind of
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flow related anatomical variations.
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if this is the correct case. But also, we must notice that there are other neurosurgeons in Ecuador that are operating those cases.
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OK. So -
33:14
OK So yeah,
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maybe to make a little bit wider analysis, we would need to join also the cases of other neurosurgeons. Maybe this is just showing a part of the
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statistical demography. Are there other neurosurgeons in front? We can just may select and see if they have any differences between right and left and their experience. Does anybody from the
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audience?
34:10
In my experience, it's not so much. This is three times more, the right side
34:19
At least
34:21
I agree, it's three times more, which is a
34:25
pretty significant one. Yeah,
34:29
it is three times more on the right side. And
34:39
in your series in Helsinki, Johan, you didn't see any difference like that, did you?
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No, of course we at least.
34:52
In Helsinki, as well, Helsinki has the highest rate of MCN reason, but I don't remember that they had reported so big difference between the right and the left side. I don't remember. Thank you.
35:06
Okay.
35:24
In my case, no. There's not so much difference now. Okay. Okay.
35:30
I assume that Cleber is doing about potentials during surgery, is that correct? Okay, perfect. Yeah, he can continue again. Thank you
35:49
very much.
36:51
or the temporary clipping or transient clipping of the MCA main branch, sometimes might be longer than 20 minutes or 25 minutes. So he noticed that
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still even though he has a long time closing of the middle cell of an artery, he didn't have any kind of
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complication related to this ischemic
37:18
closure
37:21
because they are performing all the time, this neurological monitoring, interpretive monitoring. So it ensures that the patient is not having any kind of issue. Okay. Mm-hmm.
37:50
No, eat
39:08
Yes, in the slide you can clearly see the CTA and also the association or the relation between the aneurysm and
39:18
the sphenoidal wing, which also allows you to perform the serially with a focused opening of the sylvian visual form, the focused clipping of the aneurysm. So in that way, the CTA is very
39:31
important for
39:34
the planning, for the surgical planning Yeah, you can see the solving that
39:41
this type of sufrenoidal hemorrhage is produced in the brain.
39:47
But later also, you can see how the analysis was clipped and everything was done under the microscope. Excellent damages, can I ask him a question too? Does he try to get proximal control of the
40:02
middle cerebral artery before he works on the aneurysm? How does he do that? Yeah, yeah, I think he was commenting in the previous slide that he makes the proximal control even for over 20 minutes.
40:17
For that, he needs the monitoring, the intraoperative monitoring, because it ensures that the patient is not having any kind of this chemical struggle. By the way, there was emergency room,
40:30
medical alert, trauma adult, emergency rooms, medical alert.
42:14
And you're telling us what you said in English now. Yeah, and yes, I was asking that usually we, or classically, we think that five minutes of proximal control is enough. And over five minutes
42:27
you should open again the in one segment to allow the normal basilar irrigation normal bus player irrigation. But we can see in his series that since he is using interpretive neural monitoring, then
42:43
he can also be sure that
42:47
using long time closure of the M1,
42:52
that doesn't allow or that doesn't let the patient to get some kind of hysteremic stroke. So I think it would be a very interesting to present a series of cases on that concept I was asking him that
43:10
he
43:30
can elaborate maybe some kind of series of that because. When we operate these aneurysms, usually we run a lot to get a clippant aneurysm in the shortest time possible. But if really we can't have
43:44
more time for planning better that clipping the interpreted clipping, then it can be better for the patient and for us as
43:55
well. Very interesting, Cleaver. One other question, I'm sorry. Is do you use any,
44:01
before you do temporary clipping, do you give the patients some barbiturates or some other agents to protect the brain? I am not sure if I will be able to do it in the
44:32
last few years.
44:40
of the Ayidon in Guonotro, American mental health. No, none other agent, just to manage all for reducing the brain volume. It's interesting because Dr. Suzuki and Japan used to give them
44:48
semantic and vulsants and some barbiturates, all before that he had a, they worked this out in animals. Other people give a propofol or something like that. And that's interesting, he doesn't do
45:00
that, but he has monitoring And they're very, very interesting. Okay, very good. Okay, so I think we are reaching that time. I'm a
45:25
neuro anesthesiologist as well. I'm a breakfast in Chicago.
45:30
What do you use for neural protection? So if I can take Dr. Asman, Quitch, and further, do you use any neural protections like hypothermia or during timber or clay board, during surgery like
45:43
that? Okay, yeah. He was replying that he's not using any kind of protection, extra protection, but since the beginning, he's using high levels of manital to reduce the following and to let the
46:03
approach, the surgical approach go well. But during the surgery while you're recording the evoked potentials, do you record the EEG and you make sure the patient is in a blue separation for any
46:15
instance? I think they are doing this neural monitoring to see if the brain activity is working well. So they are evaluating brain activity during the surgery. but they don't use apparently any
46:32
kind of agent. No, it is as Ninguna Hainte protector, no? No, Ninguna, Ninguna. Dr. Galio just asked you the question is not only a neurosurgeon, but he's board certified in anesthesia
46:45
critical care and pain. He's probably the only person in the world who has boards and four specialties. So we're glad to have you with us. Luis, Luis, do you use any kind of protection when you
46:59
do any risk and surgery and parole.
47:06
Well, you're muted, Leish, the way you do it. Actually, in our cases,
47:15
initially we use barbiturists, but in the next cases, the analysis is using proper fold as part of the anesthesia, and they help us with some hypertension, 20 more than 20 more the medium blood
47:36
pressure, we ask to increase, and we use that, and we try to use our temporary clip just the necessary, no too long. If
47:53
we need to open a temporary clip, and we try to manage the analysis as soon as possible as possible. But we can. open the temporary clip, if we are working more than 20 minutes.
48:10
So in my case, we use
48:16
some barbiturist as initial spins. Then no, just increase blood pressure. And the temporary clip, we are always open if we are using more than 20 minutes this temporary occlusion. Excellent I say,
48:33
when you were working with YUHA, Ernest Nimi, did you use any
48:40
brain-protecting agents, or did you just work quickly? Yeah, it was like the anesthesiologists, they have already a protocol. So they were
48:51
using some agents. But also, intraperatively, for example, Prostohedronis NIMI was using
48:59
adenosine So, just for making a short.
49:04
cardiac arrest for the clipping, so he was not using
49:09
so much temporary clippings, especially, for example, in the para-clinoid aneurysms, where you couldn't put some temporary clipping before the aneurysms, so he was using cardiac arrest with
49:21
adenosine, which was working quite pretty well, so he was
49:26
producing some kind of 30, 40 minutes of cardiac arrest and the heart, the beating, the heart beating could come fast after that time, but he had this 30 or 40 minutes
49:42
time for clipping the aneurysms, so in his practice he was mostly mostly using this cardiac arrest with adenosine, even four to five times. Of course there are some kind of contract indications for
49:55
this tool, but I believe it isn't very excellent, especially if you have a and our root-turate analysis in interoperability.
50:04
So sometimes the aneurysm is rupturing even before you have the proximal control. In those cases to use adenosine
50:13
is very, very important. And I could see when I came back to Peru, especially to my hospital, I could see that the anesthesiologists are not very aware to use this drag. So we were trying to
50:28
develop a protocol how to use adenosine in the patients because I could see that it's really helpful and can save the life of the patient. Because sometimes when the bleeding is very hard, even you
50:40
cannot recognize where the bleeding is coming for and you
50:45
start just clipping or coagulating whatever you see. And you can have issues even with your section tubes or many things. So really it's a critical part when you have a ruptured aneurysine So I
50:60
would recommend to use a protocol of adenosine.
51:07
So I didn't see you can use from about 6 milligram IV to 32 milligram IV
51:15
it does have a bradycardia or cardiac arrest for seconds and this is good for the surgeon to identify as you know as you stated but for the neuro protection during that time because there is a no
51:32
blood pressure going to the brain no perfusion so while you do monitoring whether you use bromofol or use barbiturate or you even use volatile agents
51:50
the ongoing EEG that you all do you can make sure it's a birth suppression because during birth separation EEG you provide the best protection If you associate this with sub-hypothermia, then you
52:06
actually do the best you protect. And while you're applying the temporary protection, you increase the blood pressure. To me, this is kind of you're not
52:18
overdoing things, but at least it's three basics that provides you with some protection during this.
52:27
Okay, excellent And I think what we found is that there's a difference in how people approach this around the world. And I don't remember reading in the literature anything about this. And I think
52:42
Cleber has done an excellent job because in his institution, if he uses the monitoring, at least that gives him some assurance. And our experience is the same as Cleber's in that you can put a clip
52:56
on and it turns out that there's enough collateral circulation. that it turns out to be safe. Isn't that your experience, Gleeber? It's enough, maybe he doesn't understand that. It's enough.
53:08
But there is obviously a different approach to this. And maybe the whole answer to it is that if the patient has enough collateral circulation, he can withstand the temporary clipping. Anybody
53:22
want any Ramsen? I think Professor Acha wanted to tell something Sure. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Johan. I think
53:39
that information about such a long temporary clipping time and with the monitoring should be taking with a
53:51
Gaussian, very Gaussian, not all aneurysm require that long of temporal clipping.
53:60
Regarding the comment about temporal clipping, I don't think it's done a lot unless it's
54:10
for a Chinese in complex aneurysing with remodeling or back pass revitalization. It gave very, very cotron with that information. A proper this section of the ballot and the short-term clipping are
54:26
essential for different aneurysms. Thank you. Yes, thank you. Thank you. He was commenting that of Professor Acha,
54:52
the video is in Cisterre and will not win at his exción.
57:50
related to the
57:56
malformation command. So yeah, he was just showing a case, a combined case of an aneurysm, an MCI aneurysm, and an ABM also in the same territory. So we were just discussing if it is an aneurysm
58:11
or ABM related aneurysm. But in any case, he made
58:18
like front-to-chip electronic cranial tummy, maybe a little bit bigger. Cranial tummy, also to clip the aneurysm and for resecting the ABM. Apparently, the
58:31
salary was smoothly, and he could get the patient in a good manner.
58:39
Oh, he -
58:42
if a patient has an aneurysm and an ABM, and then there's a rupture, and he's not I'm not sure if they. aneurysm rupture to the AVM ruptured, he still clips the aneurysm first, is that right?
58:55
Yeah, yeah. And then also, he resected the AVM at the same time, in the same number that he saw. Oh, okay. Yes. Okay. Tiness, algomaz, clever, oh. This is.
1:00:29
Okay,
1:00:32
we should probably close this down a little bit, so we can do that first person. If I finish it with this case, you could see it's a Spanish patient who has come in. out from the plane and he got
1:00:48
the rupture at Anderson and they could operate and save the life of the patient. The surgery was also well done. And yeah, I think with this case, with this case, he's finishing his presentation.
1:01:01
Muchas gracias, Dr. Klever, the por favor a companion knows, bamos a container con
1:01:24
la siente presentación, y prada lemente al finar con amos a taterner una pecania es cusion de los casas I think Klever is a very nice presentation and
1:01:28
you discuss some things that are controversial and it looks like people around the world
1:01:35
treat the temporary clipping and the aneurysm differently and we don't know which is better. But obviously it's been successful for Cleaver and other people have done things that have been successful
1:01:47
for themselves. And that's a very nice job. And I think we appreciate your presentation. And what to do if a patient has a ruptured aneurysm and an AVM is I think most people would agree was to
1:02:01
clip the aneurysm and then take the AVM out. Is that a prayer summary? Yes, yes, that's very nice. Thank you very much.
1:02:12
Gracias Thank you, thank you for making that preparation and presenting it. Thank you very much. Okay, so we will continue with our next present day tour with our next guest. So I have the
1:02:25
pleasure to present Professor Giancarlo Sal Zapata from Lima, Peru. He's working Uh.
1:02:35
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use.
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